Hardware Hacks for the LS2 - Revision history

Lsuser1985: Remove category `Hacking`.

Lsuser1985 — Fri, 18 Jan 2013 15:39:33 GMT

Remove category `Hacking`.

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:39, 18 January 2013
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-	{{Articles\|LS2~~\|Hacking~~\|Hardware\|Projects\|Development\|JTAG}}	+	{{Articles\|LS2\|Hardware\|Projects\|Development\|JTAG}}

Mindbender: /* HairyDairyMaid (did work) */

Mindbender — Thu, 01 Nov 2007 10:44:06 GMT

HairyDairyMaid (did work)

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:44, 1 November 2007
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-	'''As it turned out, the HDM program needed some modifications. The patched source as well as a makefile and compiled zipped binary that will run on x86 architecture is available [http://downloads.nas-central.org/~~JTAG~~/~~MIPS~~/~~Hairydairymaid~~/ here].''' Read on for a description of the modifications and tests that were done to ensure that The HDM was working properly and was not going to make any bricks (at least if used properly).	+	'''As it turned out, the HDM program needed some modifications. The patched source as well as a makefile and compiled zipped binary that will run on x86 architecture is available [http://downloads.nas-central.org/LS2_MIPSel/DevelopmentTools/JTAG/ here].''' Read on for a description of the modifications and tests that were done to ensure that The HDM was working properly and was not going to make any bricks (at least if used properly).
		+
		+	EDIT: <font color=red>Where is the source code or the patch? We only have the binary there! [[User:Mindbender\|Mindbender]] </font>

Ghopper: /* HairyDairyMaid (did work) */

Ghopper — Tue, 02 Oct 2007 03:11:01 GMT

HairyDairyMaid (did work)

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:11, 2 October 2007
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	=== HairyDairyMaid (did work) ===		=== HairyDairyMaid (did work) ===
		+
		+	see also [[JTAG_Software/HairyDairyMaid]]
		+
	HairyDairyMaid is a tool used to read and write to the flash of the Linksys WRT54G router. Functionality has been added that would allow access to the flash memory using E(xtended)JTAG. This is a set of JTAG instructions for the MIPS based processors and they allow what is known as processor access (PrAcc). PrAcc allows the loading and execution of instruction codes into the MIPS core. HairyDairyMaid (HDM) has these applications written and should be able to install that code on the LS2 allowing the reading and writing of the flash contents via JTAG.		HairyDairyMaid is a tool used to read and write to the flash of the Linksys WRT54G router. Functionality has been added that would allow access to the flash memory using E(xtended)JTAG. This is a set of JTAG instructions for the MIPS based processors and they allow what is known as processor access (PrAcc). PrAcc allows the loading and execution of instruction codes into the MIPS core. HairyDairyMaid (HDM) has these applications written and should be able to install that code on the LS2 allowing the reading and writing of the flash contents via JTAG.

Linuxnotincluded: /* Hardware Modifications */

Linuxnotincluded — Wed, 12 Sep 2007 21:29:11 GMT

Hardware Modifications

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:29, 12 September 2007
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-	The instruction manual at http://www.idt.com/products/files/1868542/32434manual.pdf details the required values of the TDO series resistor on page 494. It states that a typical value of R64 is 1Kohm. It says a smaller value reduces crosstalk and values of 33 ohm are sufficient. It also states that a value of 47Kohm is sufficient for hot plugging applications. Since we will not be hot plugging the JTAG cable we can use a value closer to the recommended value of 1Kohm. As it turned out I could not find a 1K SMT resistor in my computer graveyard. Instead I installed a 330 ohm resistor (has 331 on it).	+	The instruction manual at http://www.idt.com/products/files/1868542/32434manual.pdf details the required values of the TDO series resistor on page 494. <strike>It states that a typical value of R64 is 1Kohm.</strike> It states that a typical value for the series resistor (R64 in our case) is 33 ohm. <strike>It says a smaller value reduces crosstalk and values of 33 ohm are sufficient.</strike> It also states that the recommended pull-up/down resistor is 1.0 Kohm because a low value reduces crosstalk on the cable to the connector, allowing higher JTAG_TCK frequencies. A pull-up resistor value of 47Kohm is sufficient for hot plugging applications. Since we will not be hot plugging the JTAG cable we can use a value closer to the recommended value of 1Kohm. As it turned out I could not find a 1K SMT resistor in my computer graveyard. Instead I installed a 330 ohm resistor (has 331 on it).
		+
		+	<i>linuxnotincluded: A value of 1 Kohm for the series resistor does not work. A value of 330 ohm works but it is 10 times higher than the manufacturer recommended value. To avoid surprises, I suggest you use the manufacturer recommendation of 33 ohm</i>

Jonli447 at 02:12, 11 September 2007

Jonli447 — Tue, 11 Sep 2007 02:12:58 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:12, 11 September 2007
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-	'''All input is welcome. Please do not edit this page directly as I do not want any information to get past me without my knowledge as it could be detrimental to the LS2 on which I'm experimenting. Please post any comments to the [http://forum.~~linkstationwiki~~.~~net~~/index.php?action=vthread&forum=3&topic=1530 forum thread] or the talk page.'''	+	'''All input is welcome. Please do not edit this page directly as I do not want any information to get past me without my knowledge as it could be detrimental to the LS2 on which I'm experimenting. Please post any comments to the [http://forum.nas-central.org/index.php?action=vthread&forum=3&topic=1530 forum thread] or the talk page.'''


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-	There is a forum thread at http://forum.~~linkstationwiki~~.~~net~~/index.php?action=vthread&forum=3&topic=1530 with a discussion relating to this project. Please feel free to add relevant content to that thread.	+	There is a forum thread at http://forum.nas-central.org/index.php?action=vthread&forum=3&topic=1530 with a discussion relating to this project. Please feel free to add relevant content to that thread.


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-	'''As it turned out, the HDM program needed some modifications. The patched source as well as a makefile and compiled zipped binary that will run on x86 architecture is available [http://downloads.~~linkstationwiki~~.~~net~~/JTAG/MIPS/Hairydairymaid/ here].''' Read on for a description of the modifications and tests that were done to ensure that The HDM was working properly and was not going to make any bricks (at least if used properly).	+	'''As it turned out, the HDM program needed some modifications. The patched source as well as a makefile and compiled zipped binary that will run on x86 architecture is available [http://downloads.nas-central.org/JTAG/MIPS/Hairydairymaid/ here].''' Read on for a description of the modifications and tests that were done to ensure that The HDM was working properly and was not going to make any bricks (at least if used properly).

Uzume: typos

Uzume — Tue, 07 Aug 2007 20:35:53 GMT

typos

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:35, 7 August 2007
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	== Additional Info about the history of this particular LS2 ==		== Additional Info about the history of this particular LS2 ==
-	Mindbender asked Adrian (the former owner of this box) again what happened and what he did to repair the LS2 and he told me that he caused the problem by shortening the board somehow while replacing the ~~hdd~~.	+	Mindbender asked Adrian (the former owner of this box) again what happened and what he did to repair the LS2 and he told me that he caused the problem by shortening the board somehow while replacing the HDD.


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-	From the manufacturer's literature given to me by Mindbender I know that CN9 is the JTAG port. The spec says that the target voltage can be picked up on pin 14. As in ~~teh~~ case of the LS1 and LS-HG, the series resistor is missing. Rather than mess with it, I'll likely get power for the JTAG cable from elsewhere on the board.	+	From the manufacturer's literature given to me by Mindbender I know that CN9 is the JTAG port. The spec says that the target voltage can be picked up on pin 14. As in the case of the LS1 and LS-HG, the series resistor is missing. Rather than mess with it, I'll likely get power for the JTAG cable from elsewhere on the board.


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	=== Openwince JTAG Tools (never did work here) === I was not successful getting Openwince's JTAG tools to work with the LS2. I'm leaving this section in this wiki article for historical purposes. Please skip down to the Hairydairymaid section below for the JTAG solution that was finally made work.'''		=== Openwince JTAG Tools (never did work here) === I was not successful getting Openwince's JTAG tools to work with the LS2. I'm leaving this section in this wiki article for historical purposes. Please skip down to the Hairydairymaid section below for the JTAG solution that was finally made work.'''

-	About the only JTAG software that is free and works with the DLC5 flash is Openwince's JTAG tools. This is the software that I use to unbrick Kuros and PPC ~~linkstations~~ (Also works with the ~~Terastation~~ Pro). I need to build the IDT include files for Openwince's JTAG tools before going any further. As those files are not part of the source package I will need to create them myself. This could take some time as I'm not a software person.	+	About the only JTAG software that is free and works with the DLC5 flash is Openwince's JTAG tools. This is the software that I use to unbrick Kuros and PPC LinkStations (Also works with the TeraStation Pro). I need to build the IDT include files for Openwince's JTAG tools before going any further. As those files are not part of the source package I will need to create them myself. This could take some time as I'm not a software person.


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	0000 mips LS2		0000 mips LS2

-	We also need to create a file named /usr/local/share/jtag/data/idt/79RC32434/mips which contains the converted BSDL file. We create this file by piping the ~~bsdl~~ file into the conversion script and piping the output to a file named mips. We get the BSDL file from http://www.idt.com/products/files/9185/79RC32434_BSDL_83464.txt. We execute:	+	We also need to create a file named /usr/local/share/jtag/data/idt/79RC32434/mips which contains the converted BSDL file. We create this file by piping the BSDL file into the conversion script and piping the output to a file named mips. We get the BSDL file from http://www.idt.com/products/files/9185/79RC32434_BSDL_83464.txt. We execute:

	bsd2jtag < 79RC32434_BSDL_83464 > mips		bsd2jtag < 79RC32434_BSDL_83464 > mips
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	=== HairyDairyMaid (did work) ===		=== HairyDairyMaid (did work) ===
-	~~Hairydairymaid~~ is a tool used to read and write to the flash of the Linksys WRT54G router. Functionality has been added that would allow access to the flash ~~mamory~~ using E(xtended)JTAG. This is a set of JTAG instructions for the MIPS based processors and they allow what is known as processor access (PrAcc). PrAcc allows the loading and execution of instruction codes into the MIPS core. HairyDairyMaid (HDM) has these applications written and should be able to install that code on the LS2 allowing the reading and writing of the flash contents via JTAG.	+	HairyDairyMaid is a tool used to read and write to the flash of the Linksys WRT54G router. Functionality has been added that would allow access to the flash memory using E(xtended)JTAG. This is a set of JTAG instructions for the MIPS based processors and they allow what is known as processor access (PrAcc). PrAcc allows the loading and execution of instruction codes into the MIPS core. HairyDairyMaid (HDM) has these applications written and should be able to install that code on the LS2 allowing the reading and writing of the flash contents via JTAG.


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-	With the help of linuxnotincluded I was able to read, write, and erase areas of the flash via JTAG. Since LNI didn't have a LS2 I did the testing and made several suggestions while he did most (pretty much all) of the coding. The source code for the modified ~~hairydairymaid~~ software will be posted in a day or two as there is still some cleanup to do.	+	With the help of linuxnotincluded I was able to read, write, and erase areas of the flash via JTAG. Since LNI didn't have a LS2 I did the testing and made several suggestions while he did most (pretty much all) of the coding. The source code for the modified HairyDairyMaid software will be posted in a day or two as there is still some cleanup to do.


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	* REQUESTED OPERATION IS COMPLETE *		* REQUESTED OPERATION IS COMPLETE *

-	Looks like we are in business. Next I read the contents from 1FFF9000 ~~thru~~ 1FFFA000. It contained all 0xFF. I then flashed 256 bytes of 0x00 starting at 0x1FFF9000 and read the area from 0x1FFF9000 ~~thru~~ 0x1FFFA000 and verified that the first 256 bytes had been changed to 0x00. After that I erased the area from 0x1FFF9000 ~~thru~~ 0x1FFFA000 and reread the same area once again. That area once again contained all 0xFF.	+	Looks like we are in business. Next I read the contents from 1FFF9000 through 1FFFA000. It contained all 0xFF. I then flashed 256 bytes of 0x00 starting at 0x1FFF9000 and read the area from 0x1FFF9000 through 0x1FFFA000 and verified that the first 256 bytes had been changed to 0x00. After that I erased the area from 0x1FFF9000 through 0x1FFFA000 and reread the same area once again. That area once again contained all 0xFF.


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-	'''As it turns out, simply jumpering J2, installing a 330 ohm resistor at R186, and disabling the watchdog (or not) will allow two way ~~communiction~~ via the serial console. Of course, you do need to install a serial level converter at J1. I installed the J2 header on the back of the board so it can be accessed without removing the board from the chassis. Simply remove the side of the case and it can be accessed. Photos will be posted shortly.'''	+	'''As it turns out, simply jumpering J2, installing a 330 ohm resistor at R186, and disabling the watchdog (or not) will allow two way communication via the serial console. Of course, you do need to install a serial level converter at J1. I installed the J2 header on the back of the board so it can be accessed without removing the board from the chassis. Simply remove the side of the case and it can be accessed. Photos will be posted shortly.'''

	== Mini PCI Slot (coming soon) ==		== Mini PCI Slot (coming soon) ==

Kuroguy: miniPCI Teaser

Kuroguy — Tue, 31 Jul 2007 14:03:56 GMT

miniPCI Teaser

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:03, 31 July 2007
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	'''As it turns out, simply jumpering J2, installing a 330 ohm resistor at R186, and disabling the watchdog (or not) will allow two way communiction via the serial console. Of course, you do need to install a serial level converter at J1. I installed the J2 header on the back of the board so it can be accessed without removing the board from the chassis. Simply remove the side of the case and it can be accessed. Photos will be posted shortly.'''		'''As it turns out, simply jumpering J2, installing a 330 ohm resistor at R186, and disabling the watchdog (or not) will allow two way communiction via the serial console. Of course, you do need to install a serial level converter at J1. I installed the J2 header on the back of the board so it can be accessed without removing the board from the chassis. Simply remove the side of the case and it can be accessed. Photos will be posted shortly.'''

-	== Mini PCI Slot ==	+	== Mini PCI Slot (coming soon) ==

	It appears that all of the capacitors are decoupling capacitors. Based on the pin descriptions at http://www.interfacebus.com/MiniPCI_Pinout_124Pin.html they all bridge 3.3v to ground. I suspect anything in the .1uF range will work for these.		It appears that all of the capacitors are decoupling capacitors. Based on the pin descriptions at http://www.interfacebus.com/MiniPCI_Pinout_124Pin.html they all bridge 3.3v to ground. I suspect anything in the .1uF range will work for these.

Kuroguy: /* Serial console installation */

Kuroguy — Mon, 30 Jul 2007 16:06:31 GMT

Serial console installation

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:06, 30 July 2007
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	== Serial console installation ==		== Serial console installation ==

-	I ordered a max3232 chip and 5 capacitors from Mouser electronics (along with some other parts for the hacks I'm doing here) and have built a serial level converter on perf board (I don't have time to etch a board) This box will have a permanently installed serial level converter. We'll need to install a series resistor (R186). Had we installed a temporary level converter we would have had to install both a pullup and series resistor. This is because the level converter holds the pin high unless pulled down by serial data to the LS2, and without it the LS2's serial input pin will float causing bad data to show up on the ~~serail~~ port. For the Kuro we used the 10K resistor that was installed as a pullup resistor as a series resistor with success, although I suspect anything between 1K and 10K would work.	+	I ordered a max3232 chip and 5 capacitors from Mouser electronics (along with some other parts for the hacks I'm doing here) and have built a serial level converter on perf board (I don't have time to etch a board) This box will have a permanently installed serial level converter. We'll need to install a series resistor (R186). Had we installed a temporary level converter we would have had to install both a pullup and series resistor. This is because the level converter holds the pin high unless pulled down by serial data to the LS2, and without it the LS2's serial input pin will float causing bad data to show up on the serial port. For the Kuro we used the 10K resistor that was installed as a pullup resistor as a series resistor with success, although I suspect anything between 1K and 10K would work.


-	I have read that in order to toggle the UART from the AVR to the serial console, since the LS2 only has one serial port, a jumper must be installed at J2. One side of J2 is tied to pin H4 of the IDT 79RC32H434 SOC. This pin is defined in [http://www1.idt.com/products/getDoc.cfm?docID=571501 one of the manuals] on page 6 as ''U0SINP: Alternate function: UART channel 0 serial input'', so that pretty much confirms that J2 is directly related to the serial port. We'll give this a shot once I have confirmed that the JTAG modification works. I don't want to make more than one change at a time for ~~ttroubleshooting~~ purposes.	+	I have read that in order to toggle the UART from the AVR to the serial console, since the LS2 only has one serial port, a jumper must be installed at J2. One side of J2 is tied to pin H4 of the IDT 79RC32H434 SOC. This pin is defined in [http://www1.idt.com/products/getDoc.cfm?docID=571501 one of the manuals] on page 6 as ''U0SINP: Alternate function: UART channel 0 serial input'', so that pretty much confirms that J2 is directly related to the serial port. We'll give this a shot once I have confirmed that the JTAG modification works. I don't want to make more than one change at a time for troubleshooting purposes.

	[[Image:Ls2hacks3.JPG\|right\|thumb\|640px\|A photo of the serial port connector as it is installed on the back of the LS2. It is a male D9 connector and is wired as a host. It requires a null modem cable (pins 2 and 3 swapped) for connection to a the serial port on the rear of your computer.]]		[[Image:Ls2hacks3.JPG\|right\|thumb\|640px\|A photo of the serial port connector as it is installed on the back of the LS2. It is a male D9 connector and is wired as a host. It requires a null modem cable (pins 2 and 3 swapped) for connection to a the serial port on the rear of your computer.]]
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-	'''As it turns out, simply jumpering J2, ~~bridging~~ R186, and disabling the watchdog (or not) will allow two way communiction via the serial console. Of course, you do need to install a serial level converter at J1. I installed the J2 header on the back of the board so it can be accessed without removing the board from the chassis. Simply remove the side of the case and it can be accessed. Photos will be posted shortly.'''	+	'''As it turns out, simply jumpering J2, installing a 330 ohm resistor at R186, and disabling the watchdog (or not) will allow two way communiction via the serial console. Of course, you do need to install a serial level converter at J1. I installed the J2 header on the back of the board so it can be accessed without removing the board from the chassis. Simply remove the side of the case and it can be accessed. Photos will be posted shortly.'''

	== Mini PCI Slot ==		== Mini PCI Slot ==

Kuroguy at 12:56, 20 July 2007

Kuroguy — Fri, 20 Jul 2007 12:56:16 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:56, 20 July 2007
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-	{{Articles\|LS2\|Hacking\|Hardware\|Projects\|Development}}	+	{{Articles\|LS2\|Hacking\|Hardware\|Projects\|Development\|JTAG}}

Kuroguy: format cleanup

Kuroguy — Mon, 27 Nov 2006 19:11:36 GMT

format cleanup

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:11, 27 November 2006
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-	=== The Microcontroller ===	+	== The Microcontroller ==


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	Items in bold have been confirmed with the microcontroller removed from the circuit.		Items in bold have been confirmed with the microcontroller removed from the circuit.

-	=== JTAG Installation ===	+	== JTAG Installation ==
-	==== Hardware Modifications ====	+	=== Hardware Modifications ===
	The literature lists the following pins and descriptions:		The literature lists the following pins and descriptions:

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	\|}		\|}

-	==== Openwince JTAG Tools (never did work here) ==== I was not successful getting Openwince's JTAG tools to work with the LS2. I'm leaving this section in this wiki article for historical purposes. Please skip down to the Hairydairymaid section below for the JTAG solution that was finally made work.'''	+	=== Openwince JTAG Tools (never did work here) === I was not successful getting Openwince's JTAG tools to work with the LS2. I'm leaving this section in this wiki article for historical purposes. Please skip down to the Hairydairymaid section below for the JTAG solution that was finally made work.'''

	About the only JTAG software that is free and works with the DLC5 flash is Openwince's JTAG tools. This is the software that I use to unbrick Kuros and PPC linkstations (Also works with the Terastation Pro). I need to build the IDT include files for Openwince's JTAG tools before going any further. As those files are not part of the source package I will need to create them myself. This could take some time as I'm not a software person.		About the only JTAG software that is free and works with the DLC5 flash is Openwince's JTAG tools. This is the software that I use to unbrick Kuros and PPC linkstations (Also works with the Terastation Pro). I need to build the IDT include files for Openwince's JTAG tools before going any further. As those files are not part of the source package I will need to create them myself. This could take some time as I'm not a software person.
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	Next we need to get JTAG Tools to initialize the JTAG bus.''		Next we need to get JTAG Tools to initialize the JTAG bus.''

-	==== HairyDairyMaid (did work) ====	+	=== HairyDairyMaid (did work) ===
	Hairydairymaid is a tool used to read and write to the flash of the Linksys WRT54G router. Functionality has been added that would allow access to the flash mamory using E(xtended)JTAG. This is a set of JTAG instructions for the MIPS based processors and they allow what is known as processor access (PrAcc). PrAcc allows the loading and execution of instruction codes into the MIPS core. HairyDairyMaid (HDM) has these applications written and should be able to install that code on the LS2 allowing the reading and writing of the flash contents via JTAG.		Hairydairymaid is a tool used to read and write to the flash of the Linksys WRT54G router. Functionality has been added that would allow access to the flash mamory using E(xtended)JTAG. This is a set of JTAG instructions for the MIPS based processors and they allow what is known as processor access (PrAcc). PrAcc allows the loading and execution of instruction codes into the MIPS core. HairyDairyMaid (HDM) has these applications written and should be able to install that code on the LS2 allowing the reading and writing of the flash contents via JTAG.

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	I will upload the flash contents to the downloads section in a day or two after I have had time to test the final version.		I will upload the flash contents to the downloads section in a day or two after I have had time to test the final version.

-	=== Serial console installation ===	+	== Serial console installation ==

	I ordered a max3232 chip and 5 capacitors from Mouser electronics (along with some other parts for the hacks I'm doing here) and have built a serial level converter on perf board (I don't have time to etch a board) This box will have a permanently installed serial level converter. We'll need to install a series resistor (R186). Had we installed a temporary level converter we would have had to install both a pullup and series resistor. This is because the level converter holds the pin high unless pulled down by serial data to the LS2, and without it the LS2's serial input pin will float causing bad data to show up on the serail port. For the Kuro we used the 10K resistor that was installed as a pullup resistor as a series resistor with success, although I suspect anything between 1K and 10K would work.		I ordered a max3232 chip and 5 capacitors from Mouser electronics (along with some other parts for the hacks I'm doing here) and have built a serial level converter on perf board (I don't have time to etch a board) This box will have a permanently installed serial level converter. We'll need to install a series resistor (R186). Had we installed a temporary level converter we would have had to install both a pullup and series resistor. This is because the level converter holds the pin high unless pulled down by serial data to the LS2, and without it the LS2's serial input pin will float causing bad data to show up on the serail port. For the Kuro we used the 10K resistor that was installed as a pullup resistor as a series resistor with success, although I suspect anything between 1K and 10K would work.
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	'''As it turns out, simply jumpering J2, bridging R186, and disabling the watchdog (or not) will allow two way communiction via the serial console. Of course, you do need to install a serial level converter at J1. I installed the J2 header on the back of the board so it can be accessed without removing the board from the chassis. Simply remove the side of the case and it can be accessed. Photos will be posted shortly.'''		'''As it turns out, simply jumpering J2, bridging R186, and disabling the watchdog (or not) will allow two way communiction via the serial console. Of course, you do need to install a serial level converter at J1. I installed the J2 header on the back of the board so it can be accessed without removing the board from the chassis. Simply remove the side of the case and it can be accessed. Photos will be posted shortly.'''

-	=== Mini PCI Slot ===	+	== Mini PCI Slot ==

	It appears that all of the capacitors are decoupling capacitors. Based on the pin descriptions at http://www.interfacebus.com/MiniPCI_Pinout_124Pin.html they all bridge 3.3v to ground. I suspect anything in the .1uF range will work for these.		It appears that all of the capacitors are decoupling capacitors. Based on the pin descriptions at http://www.interfacebus.com/MiniPCI_Pinout_124Pin.html they all bridge 3.3v to ground. I suspect anything in the .1uF range will work for these.
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	Also according to the standard, R238 and R239 enable and disable the 66Mhz PCI bus.		Also according to the standard, R238 and R239 enable and disable the 66Mhz PCI bus.

-	=== Install additional USB ports ===	+	== Install additional USB ports ==

	The USB controller used is the same as the Kurobox and LS1. Additional ports can be added by following the instructions at http://www.kurobox.com/mwiki/index.php/Add_USB_Port#Additional_USB_Port_in_the_Rear. The USB controller is labeled IC7 and is installed on the back of the main board adjacent to the front USB plug. R86 thru R93 are pulldown resistors that have already been installed to keep those USB ports from floating. All that is necessary is the installation of two 36 ohm resistors and a USB plug for each additional port. Six resistors and 3 plugs would max out the USB controller with five working USB ports.		The USB controller used is the same as the Kurobox and LS1. Additional ports can be added by following the instructions at http://www.kurobox.com/mwiki/index.php/Add_USB_Port#Additional_USB_Port_in_the_Rear. The USB controller is labeled IC7 and is installed on the back of the main board adjacent to the front USB plug. R86 thru R93 are pulldown resistors that have already been installed to keep those USB ports from floating. All that is necessary is the installation of two 36 ohm resistors and a USB plug for each additional port. Six resistors and 3 plugs would max out the USB controller with five working USB ports.

-	=== Other stuff I know ===	+	== Other stuff I know ==

	Install an LED at LED8 and a 330 ohm resistor at R268 (Both near the IDE connector pin 40) and It will turn on when a HDD read or write occurs.		Install an LED at LED8 and a 330 ohm resistor at R268 (Both near the IDE connector pin 40) and It will turn on when a HDD read or write occurs.